Since nobody has broached the subject of why these are useful:
I use bitwise operations a lot when working with flags. For example, if you want to pass a series of flags to an operation (say, File.Open, with Read mode and Write mode both enabled), you could pass them as a single value. This is accomplished by assigning each possible flag it's own bit in a bitset (byte, short, int, or long). For example:
Read: 00000001Write: 00000010
So if you want to pass read AND write, you would pass (READ | WRITE) which then combines the two into
00000011
Which then can be decrypted on the other end like:
if ((flag & Read) != 0) { //...
which checks
00000011 &00000001
which returns
00000001
which is not 0, so the flag does specify READ.
You can use XOR to toggle various bits. I've used this when using a flag to specify directional inputs (Up, Down, Left, Right). For example, if a sprite is moving horizontally, and I want it to turn around:
Up: 00000001 Down: 00000010 Left: 00000100 Right: 00001000Current: 00000100
I simply XOR the current value with (LEFT | RIGHT) which will turn LEFT off and RIGHT on, in this case.
Bit Shifting is useful in several cases.
x << y
is the same as
x * 2y
if you need to quickly multiply by a power of two, but watch out for shifting a 1-bit into the top bit - this makes the number negative unless it's unsigned. It's also useful when dealing with different sizes of data. For example, reading an integer from four bytes:
int val = (A << 24) | (B << 16) | (C << 8) | D;
Assuming that A is the most-significant byte and D the least. It would end up as:
A = 01000000B = 00000101C = 00101011D = 11100011val = 01000000 00000101 00101011 11100011
Colors are often stored this way (with the most significant byte either ignored or used as Alpha):
A = 255 = 11111111R = 21 = 00010101G = 255 = 11111111B = 0 = 00000000Color = 11111111 00010101 11111111 00000000
To find the values again, just shift the bits to the right until it's at the bottom, then mask off the remaining higher-order bits:
Int Alpha = Color >> 24Int Red = Color >> 16 & 0xFFInt Green = Color >> 8 & 0xFFInt Blue = Color & 0xFF
0xFF is the same as 11111111. So essentially, for Red, you would be doing this:
Color >> 16 = (filled in 00000000 00000000)11111111 00010101 (removed 11111111 00000000)00000000 00000000 11111111 00010101 &00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 =00000000 00000000 00000000 00010101 (The original value)